causes of french revolution in points

After King Louis XVII was found guilty for high treason, he was sentenced for the death penalty. [30], There are two main points of view with regard to cultural change as a cause of the French Revolution: the direct influence of Enlightenment ideas on French citizens, meaning that they valued the ideas of liberty and equality discussed by Rousseau and Voltaire et al, or the indirect influence of the Enlightenment insofar as it created a "philosophical society". Political conflict: conflict between the Monarchy and Aristocrats over the “reform” of The basic cause of the French Revolution was the fact that the common people of France were not given any sort of real voice in their own government. Although scholarly debate continues about the exact causes of the Revolution, the following reasons are commonly adduced: (1) the bourgeoisie resented its exclusion from political power and positions of honour; (2) the peasants were acutely aware of their situation and were less and less willing to support the anachronistic and burdensome feudal system; (3) the philosophes had been read more widely in France … Rapid population growth and restrictions caused by the inability to adequately finance government debt resulted in economic depression, unemployment and high food prices. Diagraming the Main Points and Components of the French Revolution. Following this, their popularity declined further, and the Jacobin party voiced its wish to end the monarchy in France. [34] This resulted in a breakdown of the stratification that still divided the bourgeois and the nobles, fundamentally changing France's social organisation. The French Revolution demonstrated the power of the common people in a manner that no subsequent government has ever allowed itself to forget--if only in the form of untrained, improvised, conscript armies, defeating the conjunction of the finest and most experienced troops of the old regimes. The Storming of the Bastille. These people included King Louis XVI and the Princess of Lamballe. [29] On the other hand, the Marquis de Ferrières believed there was "an accursed cabal" within the nobility who wanted to thwart any possibility of compromise. Lucas asserts that the bourgeois and nobility were not in fact that distinct, basing his argument with the bourgeois entryism and the suggestion that it makes little sense for the bourgeois to attack a system that they are trying to become part of. Third estates protested against this proposal but as each estate have one vote, the king rejected this appeal. Louis XVI, The Silent King. Following were the social, economic, political and intellectual causes of the French Revolution: Social - The social conditions in France in late 18th century were extremely unequal and exploitative. Two years after the royal family was placed under house arrest in the Tuileries Palace, they finally escaped. Over the course of the 18th century, France experienced the unfolding of pathetically sad developments and unprecedented public As such, when the Estates-General was called, its rigid organisation into Third Estate and Second Estate conflicted with the new, informal organisation, and caused dissent; the Third Estate had attained equal status to the nobility, in their view, and when they demanded that the Estates meet as equals, the King's refusal triggered their secession from royal authority. There were three classes represented by the Estates General: the nobles, clergy and the rest of the population or the so-called Third Estate. They consited of attacks on several prisons around paris. However, by 1787, Louis XVI could not get this tactic to work. The failure of the escape plan was ultimately due to the king's inability to commit to a plan, and the queen's wish for the entire family to remain together. Eugene Nelson White, "The French Revolution and the politics of government finance, 1770–1815. Bluche, 1986, 1991; Bendix, 1978; Solnon, 1987. Others see the social issues as important, but less so than the Enlightenment or the financial crisis; François Furet is a prominent proponent of the former, Simon Schama of the latter. [45][46] In 1789 itself there was a 25% fall in real wages and an 88% increase in the price of bread. The French Revolution began in 1789 as a popular movement to reform the 'absolute' rule of the monarch, Louis XVI. Lines of distinction between classes were tightly drawn, and opportunities for social advancement were very few. It was in Luis Philippe’s period that yet another revolution occurred in France. The Storming of the Bastille is celebrated on the 14th of July is Bastille Day. Main causes of the French Revolution: 1) The social and psychological burdens of the many wars of the 18th century, which in the era before the dawn of nationalism were exclusively the province of the monarchy. Second, there was a system of tax immunities and feudal privileges that allowed many of France's wealthy citizens to avoid many taxes, notwithstanding the fact that few direct taxes were levied in the first place. The capitation ("head tax") was also imposed, a tax that varied with social status and the number of people in the family, but this too was insufficient. His beheading was the first of many in the reign of terror. 1. Furet, the foremost proponent of the 'philosophical society' nuance to this view, says that the ideas of the Enlightenment were discussed in clubs and meetings "where rank and birth were second to ... abstract argument". The then French... 3. Turgot was forced to restore regulation and repress the riots. ", [Andress, David. History, 21.06.2019 12:30. ), The Year Without a Summer? The King had unlimited power and he declared himself as the representative of God. In 1770, Louis XV and René de Maupeou again curtailed the power of the parlements, except for the Parlement of Paris,[16] the one which was the most powerful. [9][10][11][12] His affairs with a succession of mistresses also damaged its reputation. His tactics for bringing the nobility under control included inviting them to stay at his extravagant Palace of Versailles and participate in elaborate court rituals with a detailed code of etiquette. Robespierre was found guilty of "setting himself up as a dictaor of France." The French Revolution of 1789 had many long-range causes. Throughout the early modern period a class of wealthy middlemen who connected producers emerged: the bourgeoisie. They lasted five days. For over a year violence erupted in France. The French Crown's debt was caused by both individual decisions, such as intervention in the American War of Independence and the Seven Years' War,[36] and underlying issues such as an inadequate taxation system. Additionally, France’s involvement in the American Revolution, along with extravagant spending practices by King Louis XV… [8] Historians generally describe his reign as a period of stagnation, foreign policy setbacks and growing popular discontent against the monarchy. The morning of July 14, 1789, the Bastille, a prison the … Realizado por Viviana Ceballos, LÍNEA DEL TIEMPO: INVENTOS IMPORTANTES DE LA REVOLUCIÓN INDUSTRIAL, Evolución Histórica Constitución Venezolana, Linea del tiempo del período del porfiriato en México, PERSONAJES DESTACADOS DE LA INGENIERIA INDUSTRIAL, Línea del tiempo sobre los gobiernos de Perón, La historia de México desde 1821 hasta 1910, Inventions of the Industrial Revolution 1800-1920, See more Science and Technology timelines. Traditionally, this was tempered because there was an aversion to direct criticism and disrespect towards the king (lèse-majesté), but by the start of Louis XVI's reign, respect for the monarchy had declined. Prior to the revolution, France was a de jure absolute monarchy, a system which became known as the Ancien Régime. Traditionally, a king could quell a recalcitrant parlement by conducting a lit de justice ceremony, in which he would appear there in person to demand that they register an edict. Explain the fundamental causes of the french revolution. Louis XVI reinstated them early in his reign. The deeper causes for its collapse are more difficult to establish. In practice, the power of the monarchy was typically checked by the nobility, the Roman Catholic Church, institutions such as the judicial parlements, national and local customs and, above all, the threat of insurrection. Revisionist historians such as these also contest the view that the nobility were fundamentally opposed to change, noting that 160 signatories of the Tennis Court Oath had the particle 'de'. From 1741 to 1785, there was a 62% increase in real cost of living. They walked out of … There are two main points of view with regard to cultural change as a cause of the French Revolution: the direct influence of Enlightenment ideas on French citizens, meaning that they valued the ideas of liberty and equality discussed by Rousseau and Voltaire et al, or the indirect influence of the Enlightenment insofar as it created a "philosophical society". When the First and Second Estates, as well as the King, failed to respond to the Third Estate's demands, they eschewed the authority of the King, resulting in the Tennis Court Oath and the subsequent development of the Revolution. Jul 14, 1789. France: Manchester University Press, 1999, pp. 2, Since 1340. ", Wood, C.A., 1992. The total fiscal deficit reached 140 million in 1787.[42][43]. smith described one exception, though, when governments should get involved. During the reign of Louis XV, libelles became willing to bluntly criticize both the king and the entire system of the Ancien Regime.[21]. They were each dominated by the regional nobility. The vingtième ("twentieth"), a tax of 5% successfully imposed on the nobility, was indeed paid, but this additional revenue was nowhere near enough to allow the Crown to maintain the levels of spending it needed or wanted. The representatives of the people of France organized a declaration that states the sole causes of public miseries and corrupt governments. This meant that the discontented Third Estate (damaged by poor policy and low standards of living) were given the opportunity to air their grievances, and when they did not receive the desired response, the Revolution proper began; they denied the authority of the King and set up their own government. During the eighteen the Century France was the centre of autocratic monarchy. Both the King and Queen were beheaded. Each estate had only one vote. Necker, appointed in 1777-1781 and 1788-1789, used his connections with European banks to facilitate lending in order to fund wars and service the debt, but this proved a temporary measure (as might be expected) and had little long term value. This showed the king that his people wanted to fight back. French Society in Revolution, 1789–1799. The French Revolution stirred the British people and affected their literature in a major way. It also explained the sacred and inaleinable rights of man. This is reflected by cahiers submitted by members of the Third Estate in March to April 1789: those of Carcassonne demanded that Louis "assure to the third estate the influence to which it is entitled in view of...its contribution to the public treasury". Given their powerful economic position, and their aspirations on a class-wide level, the bourgeois wanted to ascend through the social hierarchy, formalised in the Estate system. The financial crisis of the French crown played a role in both creating the social background to the Revolution, generating widespread anger at the Court, and (arguably most importantly) forcing Louis to call the Estates-General. The basic causes of the French Revolution were rooted in the rigidities of French society in the 18th century. The bourgeoisie bought these positions and hence were ennobled; by 1765, six thousand families had gained nobility through this method. The economy was not growing as fast as it should have been. The kings Louis XV and Louis XVI did not manage to stop the wars campaigns despite of their proclaimed will of peace. Causes of the French Revolution 1. International: struggle for hegemony and Empire outstrips the fiscal resources of the state 2. Causes for the Revolution… There is significant disagreement among historians of the French Revolution as to its causes. "The climatic effects of the 1783 Laki eruption" in C.R. Fearing they would be forced to bear the burden of the financi… • Immediate cause of revolution was near collapse of French Economy –Bad Harvests in 1787 and 1788 and a slowdown in manufacturing led to food shortages –Despite these issues French king and his court spent frivolously –France also help fund American colonists fight against Great Britain "[15], Having already obstructed tax reform proposals during the reign of Louis XV, the parlements would play a major role in obstructing Louis XVI's attempts to resolve the debt crisis. [27], Moreover, Lucas argues that many fiefs were owned by non-noble—in 1781 22% of the lay seigneurs in Le Mans weren't noble—and that commercial families, the bourgeoisie, also invested in land. [19], Encyclopædia Britannica cites Prussia as an example of a European state where a strong monarchy succeeded in preventing revolution and preserving its power through reforms from above. They had to pay various dues to their noble landlords, taxes which were often disproportionately high in comparison to their income. Furthermore, many governmental offices and positions were sold to raise cash. Others, including François Bluche, argue that Louis XIV cannot be held responsible for problems that would emerge over 70 years after his death. 37–39. In 1783, Calonne was appointed as financial minister; Calonne, ahead of his time, advocated increasing public spending to drive up consumption and hence increase the country's GDP and tax revenues. In an immediate sense, what brought down the ancien régime was its own inability to change or, more simply, to pay its way. The absolutism of the monarchy, particularly pronounced since Louis XIV, was criticised. Before the French revolution, all the power was in the hands of the king. Causes of French Revolution. The War of Independence alone cost 1.3 billion livres,[37][38] more than double the Crown's annual revenue, and in a single year—1781—227 million livres were spent on the campaign. However, the nobility refused to help - their power and influence had been steadily reduced since the reign of Louis XIV - and hence Louis was forced to rely upon the Estates-General. This legislation resulted in a loss of power for the Church - their lands were sold, clergy was paid by the state and swore oaths of loyalty to the new Constitution. [18] The parlements enjoyed wider support from the commoners, who appreciated their role as a check on royal power. Jeffrey Merrick, "Politics in the Pulpit: Ecclesiastical Discourse on the Death of Louis XV". Furthermore, significant resentment was felt by the poorer members of the Third Estate (industrial and rural labourers), largely due to vast increases in the cost of living. It was replaced by a consulate. Political Cause: These bourgeoisie played a fundamental role in the French economy, accounting for 39.1% of national income despite only accounting for 7.7% of the population. [1] Although the earlier reign of Louis XIII had already seen a move towards centralization of the country,[2] the adulthood of Louis XIV marked the peak of the French monarchy's power. One of the ministers that Louis turned to in order to resolve the financial crisis was Turgot, financial minister from 1774-1776. Collins, p. 1—although Collin does note that this can be exaggerated. As a result, the nobility and clergy could always overrule the Third Estate. Over this time peroid over 16,000 french citezens were guillotined. Social Cause: [33] However, whereas rural peasants could at least sustain themselves with their farms, the poor harvests had a much worse impact on Paris, which played a major role in the rise of the sans-culottes. Turgot abolished the regulations surrounding the food supply, which to this point had been strictly controlled by the royal police: they monitored the purity of bread flour, prevented price manipulation via hoarding, and controlled the inflows and outflows of grain to regions facing good and bad harvests. The Enlightenment ideas were particularly popularised by the influence of the American War of Independence on the soldiers who returned, and of Benjamin Franklinhi… He was executed during a ceromony with 21 others on June 28, 1794. The massacres started on September 2, 1792. The patricians began the Revolution, the plebeians completed it". The Estates General were reluctantly summoned by King Louis XVI in May of 1789 with an aim to solve the monarchy’s financial crisis. Agricultural Revolution in Britain. They managed to reach the town of Varennes, nearly reaching their destination of Austria, but were captured. Lucas places the break between bourgeois and nobles at the moment of the Estates-General, rather than earlier, asserting that it was only when the bourgeois were relegated to the Third Estate that they took issue with the nobility, seeing themselves as equated to "vulgar commoners". The causes of the French Revolution. 1 As social and other historians undermined that theory, intellectual historians moved in new directions, particularly toward the social history of ideas. It represented the whole social body. One school of interpretation maintains that French society under the ancien régime was rent by class war. In the 1780’s the population of France numbered about 24,700,000, and it was divided into three estates. As such, there was significant social tension between the dominant classes at the time of the French Revolution. Approximately 1,200 prisoners died in these attacks. The estate to which a person belonged was very important because it determined that person’s rights, obligations and status. Kenneth N. Jassie and Jeffrey Merrick, "We Don't Have a King: Popular Protest and the Image of the Illegitimate King in the Reign of Louis XV". Proponents of the Enlightenment being a major cause, or indeed the major cause, of the French Revolution usually assert[weasel words] that the Estates-General was an opportunity for these ideas to be expressed. The morning of July 14, 1789, the Bastille, a prison the showed the power of the king, was attacked. [47], Significant civil and political events by year, Proponents of the Enlightenment being a major cause, or indeed. The outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 was the result of a combination of factors that historians still debate. This covers the entire French Revolution (1789-1799) from the Old Regime, through the Tennis Court Oath, Reign of Terror, and death of Robespierre, to the coup d'etat of Napoleon in 1799. 1. [26] Along the same lines, Behrens contests the traditional view of the failure of the tax system, arguing that the nobles in reality paid more tax than their English counterparts and that only one of the privileges enumerated by the Encyclopédie Méthodique relates to taxation. Usually, they acknowledge the presence of several interlinked factors, but vary in the weight they attribute to each one. Free to print or download (PPT, PPTX, or PDF). France was one of the richest and most powerful nations even though they were facing some economic difficulties. [40][41] This caused rampant speculation and a breakdown of interregional import-export dynamics; famine and dissent (the Flour War) ensued. The British Agricultural Revolution refers to the unprecedented rise … Beyond these relatively established facts regarding the social conditions surrounding the French Revolution, there is significant dissent among historians. When the French Revolution broke out in 1789, its main purpose was to address the financial problems of the regime. [31][32] The French publication of Locke's Treatises in 1724 also played an important role in influencing both pre-Revolutionary and post-Revolutionary ideology.[33]. Although the French and American people had several distinct and differing motives for revolting against their ruling governments, some similar causes led to both revolutions, including the following:Economic struggles: Both the Americans and French dealt with a taxation system they found discriminating and unfair. [35] In order to service the debt, given the Crown could find no more willing lenders, Louis attempted to call upon the nobility via an Assembly of Notables. The tax that was collected, a significant sum, was fixed at certain levels by the government through a system of tax farming; private individuals and groups were asked to collect a fixed amount of tax on behalf of the government, and could keep any excess. Historia de seguridad y salud en el trabajo, HISTORIA DE LA SEGURIDAD Y SALUD EN EL TRABAJO, Великие путешественники и их географические открытия, LINEA DE TIEMPO SOBRE LOS SISTEMAS OPERATIVOS, HISTORIA DEL CALIBRADOR VERNIER O PIE DE REY, LÍNEA DEL TIEMPO: SEGUNDA GUERRA MUNDIAL. This placed Louis XVI at a disadvantage when he attempted to coerce and then suppress them in 1787-88. [24][25] Such entryism resulted in significant social tension, as the nobles were angered that these bourgeoisie were entering their ranks (despite often having been bourgeois themselves one or two generations previously) and the bourgeoisie were angered that the nobles were trying to prevent them ascending and being disdainful even when they did ascend. The French Monarchs... 2. There was a complete break with the Age of Reason and a new kind of literature known as the Romantic Revival came into exist with the publication of Lyrical Ballad (1798). The second major cause of the French Revolution is the history of the estates system in France. The Bastille was a prison and the wall were 100 ft. high. [23] This desire for higher social position resulted in high levels of bourgeois entry into the Second Estate throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In 1778, Louis XVI decided to support the American Revolution. The Social condition of France during the eighteenth century was very miserable. Though resolved, the failed experiment led to deep distrust of the monarchy, with rumours of their intention to starve the poor both prevalent and widely believed. Hardman, John. There are many factors that explain the Revolution, but I will try to synthesize the causes, as requested, into six main ones. In France, the battle for human rights began in 1789. [28] This is also a view advocated by Chateaubriand, who notes in his memoirs that "The severest blows struck against the ancient constitution of the State were delivered by noblemen. Historians generally view the underlying causes of the French Revolution as driven by the failure of the Ancien Régime ' to respond to increasing social and economic inequality. The Executive Directory, which had been a executive power in France since 1795, had been overthrow by Napoleon Bonaparte. They needed salt to flavor and preserve their food. [15] The power of the parlements had been curtailed by Louis XIV, but mostly reinstated during the minority of Louis XV. They then gathered in a nearby tennis court swearing that they to " never cry to the King, and to meet quietly when the circumstances demand, until the constituion of France is happily singing.". The French monarchy was financially in trouble since the end of the reign of Louis XIV, the Sun-King, in 1715. [20] Conversely, the lack of a constitutional monarchy meant that the French monarch was a target for any popular discontent against the government. The end of the reign of terror was marked by the behaeding of Robespierre. The Court was deeply in debt, which in conjunction with a poor financial system, created a crisis. The National Assembeley, consiting of the Third Estate, was created June 17, 1789. [33] In 1788 and 1789 there were poor harvests, perhaps triggered by the 1783 Laki eruption in Iceland. [3][4][5], Some scholars have argued that Louis XIV contributed to the monarchy's downfall by failing to reform the government's institutions while the monarchy was still secure. The 1830 Revolution ended the rule of Charles X over France, and Louis Philippe of the Orlean dynasty was placed on the French throne. Moreover, corruption was rife, with many bourgeoisie simply attaching the noble particle 'de' to their name or assuming nonexistent titles. Adam smith, who is considered "the father of capitalism," believed in a laissez faire approach the economy. Before 1789, France was an absolute monarchy. A large group of craftsmmen and salesmen, who were mad at the king, decided to steal about 28,000 rifles and attack the Bastille. This event marked the end of the French Revolution. Political, social, and economic conditions in France contributed to the discontent felt by many French people-especially those of the third estate. [13][14], During the reign of Louis XVI, the power and prestige of the monarchy had declined to the point where the king struggled to overcome aristocratic resistance to fiscal reform, with the parlements often being focal points for this resistance. Furet and others argue that the direct influence of Enlightenment ideas only played a part after the Revolution had begun, insofar as it was used to justify revolutionary action and fill the lack of central, guiding ideology that disillusionment with the monarchy had created. [44] This caused bread prices to rise in conjunction with falling wages. Economic Cause: New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. pp. These factors include cultural change, normally associated with the Enlightenment; social change and financial and economic difficulties; and the political actions of the involved parties. When the government failed to accurately forecast the levels of tax that they could collect, they did not benefit from any increase in national output. Louis Philippe ruled between 1830 and 1848. The Enlightenment ideas were particularly popularised by the influence of the American War of Independence on the soldiers who returned, and of Benjamin Franklin himself, who was a highly dynamic and engaging figure in the French court when he visited. [17] Alfred Cobban describes the Parlement of Paris as "though no more in fact than a small, selfish, proud and venal oligarchy, [it] regarded itself, and was regarded by public opinion, as the guardian of the constitutional liberties of France. [22] Under the Ancien Régime they were part of the Third Estate, as they were neither clergymen (the First Estate) nor nobles (the Second Estate). Harrington (Ed. The poverty of many noble families meant that they married bourgeois families; the nobles gained bourgeois wealth, while the bourgeoisie gained noble status. 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